(b)+DNA+Structure

=DNA Structure =

** What is DNA? **

// DNA is basically a blueprint for a living organism. //

DNA (**d** eoxyribo**n** ucleic **a** cid) is a hereditary material that is present in humans and almost all other organisms. Every cell in a human’s body (__EXCEPT gametes and cells without a nucleus__) has the same DNA information stored in the nucleus (as chromosomes). This information is a code made up of four chemical bases, abbreviated A, T, G, and C (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine). It is easy when you think of these four nucleotide bases in DNA as letters of alphabet. Just like how the order of the alphabet decides the word that is formed, the sequence of these chemical bases determine what information is available for the production of protein which consequently take major part of information and growth of the organism.

Did you know? - Only 2% of the DNA structure carry the essential genetic information, while the remaining 98% of DNA is still a mystery today.

**DNA - Proteins - Characteristics**

DNA carries instructions as coded messages; these coded messages are instructions for the production of different types of proteins. These different proteins are then responsible for each difference characteristic that makes up a person.

For example the proteins that give you blue eyes are different to the ones that give you wavy hair.



**What is it made of?**

DNA bases pair up with each other, A with T and C with G, to form units called //base pairs//. Each base bonds with each other with hydrogen bonds. Each base is also attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule. Together (a base, sugar, and phosphate) they are called a nucleotide. Nucleotides molecules when oined together make up structural units of DNA and RNA. These nucleotide form very long �ladders� with the bases as the �rungs� of the ladder

Certain physical forces, force the ladder to twist around itself to form a spiral shape. This shape is called the double helix. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 275.1pt; tabstops: 275.1pt;">If we cut up a double helix into half, each halves have the main support (backbone), and __half__ of the feet support (chemical base). Each of these halves is a polymer. When we split it up further, into sections of backbone connected to a chemical base, we get a monomer called the __nucleotide__. A nucleotide is made up of 1 Phosphate group + 1 Sugar molecule + 1 chemical base.

Put many nucleotides together, and you get a polymer (half a ladder). Put two polymers together, and you get a DNA (full ladder).

__<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 275.1pt;">What is a nucleotide? __ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 275.1pt;">Nucleotides are molecules that, when joined together and make up the sturctural units of RNA and DNA. <span style="border-collapse: separate; color: #000000; display: block; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">A nucleotide is the monomer structural unit of nucleotide chains that form the nucleic acids RNA and DNA, as well as several lesser nucleic acids.

<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">** How many Nucleotide molecules are there? ** <span style="background: white; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">There are millions of nucleotide molecules and it has only four different type of nucleotide inside each DNA <span style="background: white; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">molecule. Each nucleotide contains only one of the chemical below and they are called:

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">A = Adenine <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">G = Guanine <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">T = Thymine <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">C = Cytosine

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">** Which bases always match up together? ** <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Now you know there is four type of nucleotide which contains different chemical (AGTC). However the nucleotides go in a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">pair, it comes in as a couple. The first pair is:

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">A (Adenine) and T (Thymine)

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">The second pair is: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">G (Guanine) and C (Cytosine) <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Due to each specific chemical property that each type of nucleotide molecules has, they match up together. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Video about DNA structure <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">media type="youtube" key="qy8dk5iS1f0" height="349" width="425"

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">** (9) Find and insert at least one image or YouTube (or other) video to show the structure of DNA. **

<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Work Cited Videos DNA Structure. Dir. Ppornelubio. YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. Google, Inc., 13 Sept. 2006. Web. 03 May 2011.

<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Information <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">W.R, Pickering. "Inherritance and Evolution." //Complete Biology//. New York: Oxford UP, 2000. Page 190-191. Print. "11-2 DNA, Proteins and the Characteristics of Organisms." //Complete Biology//. Print.

<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Pictures <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">W.R, Pickering. "Inherritance and Evolution." //Complete Biology//. New York: Oxford UP, 2000. Page 190. Print. "Virues (notes)." //The Biology Corner//. Web. 27 Apr. 2011. []. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">[]